RabbitMQ 的七种队列模式和应用场景

RabbitMQ 的七种队列模式和应用场景

七种模式介绍与应用场景

简单模式（Hello World）

做最简单的事情，一个生产者对应一个消费者，RabbitMQ相当于一个消息代理，负责将A的消息转发给B

应用场景：将发送的电子邮件放到消息队列，然后邮件服务在队列中获取邮件并发送给收件人

工作队列模式（Work queues）

在多个消费者之间分配任务（竞争的消费者模式），一个生产者对应多个消费者，一般适用于执行资源密集型任务，单个消费者处理不过来，需要多个消费者进行处理

应用场景：一个订单的处理需要10s，有多个订单可以同时放到消息队列，然后让多个消费者同时处理，这样就是并行了，而不是单个消费者的串行情况

订阅模式（Publish/Subscribe）

一次向许多消费者发送消息，一个生产者发送的消息会被多个消费者获取，也就是将消息将广播到所有的消费者中。

应用场景：更新商品库存后需要通知多个缓存和多个数据库，这里的结构应该是：

一个fanout类型交换机扇出两个个消息队列，分别为缓存消息队列、数据库消息队列

一个缓存消息队列对应着多个缓存消费者

一个数据库消息队列对应着多个数据库消费者

路由模式（Routing）

有选择地（Routing key）接收消息，发送消息到交换机并且要指定路由key ，消费者将队列绑定到交换机时需要指定路由key，仅消费指定路由key的消息

应用场景：如在商品库存中增加了1台iphone12，iphone12促销活动消费者指定routing key为iphone12，只有此促销活动会接收到消息，其它促销活动不关心也不会消费此routing key的消息

主题模式（Topics）

根据主题（Topics）来接收消息，将路由key和某模式进行匹配，此时队列需要绑定在一个模式上，#匹配一个词或多个词，*只匹配一个词。

应用场景：同上，iphone促销活动可以接收主题为iphone的消息，如iphone12、iphone13等

远程过程调用（RPC）

如果我们需要在远程计算机上运行功能并等待结果就可以使用RPC，具体流程可以看图。

应用场景：需要等待接口返回数据，如订单支付

发布者确认（Publisher Confirms）

与发布者进行可靠的发布确认，发布者确认是RabbitMQ扩展，可以实现可靠的发布。在通道上启用发布者确认后，RabbitMQ将异步确认发送者发布的消息，这意味着它们已在服务器端处理

应用场景：对于消息可靠性要求较高，比如钱包扣款

代码演示：

代码中没有对后面两种模式演示，有兴趣可以自己研究

简单模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Sender {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "simple_queue";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

// 声明队列

// queue：队列名

// durable：是否持久化

// exclusive：是否排外 即只允许该channel访问该队列 一般等于true的话用于一个队列只能有一个消费者来消费的场景

// autoDelete：是否自动删除 消费完删除

// arguments：其他属性

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

//消息内容

String message = "simplest mode message";

channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());

System.out.println("[x]Sent '" + message + "'");

//最后关闭通关和连接

channel.close();

connection.close();

}

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.xvhpCFsIOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "simplest_queue";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {

// 获取连接

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {

String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");

System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +

delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");

};

channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {

});

}

}

工作队列模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver1 {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

// 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者

channel.basicQos(1);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {

String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");

System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +

delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");

};

channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {

});

}

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver2 {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

// 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者

channel.basicQos(1);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {

String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");

System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +

delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");

};

channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {

});

}

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Sender {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_work";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

// 声明队列

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {

String message = "work mode message" + i;

channel.basicPublish("", QUEUE_NAME, null, message.getBytes());

System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");

Thread.sleep(i * 10);

}

channel.close();

connection.close();

}

}

发布订阅模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

public class Receive1 {

private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";

public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");

String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();

channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");

System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");

// 订阅消息的回调函数

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {

String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");

System.out.println(" [x] Received '" + message + "'");

};

// 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数

channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {

});

}

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

public class Receive2 {

private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";

public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");

String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();

channel.queueBind(queueName, EXCHANGE_NAME, "");

System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");

// 订阅消息的回调函数

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {

String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");

System.out.println(" [x] Received2 '" + message + "'");

};

// 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数

channel.basicConsume(queueName, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {

});

}

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

public class Sender {

private static final String EXCHANGE_NAME = "logs";

public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, "fanout");

String message = "publish subscribe message";

channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "", null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));

System.out.println(" [x] Sent '" + message + "'");

channel.close();

connection.close();

}

}

路由模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver1 {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_routing";

private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

// 指定路由的key，接收key和key2

channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key");

channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2");

channel.basicQos(1);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {

String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");

System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +

delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");

};

channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {

});

}

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver2 {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_routing2";

private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

// 仅接收key2

channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2");

channel.basicQos(1);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {

String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");

System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +

delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");

};

channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {

});

}

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Sender {

private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_direct";

private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "direct";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

// 交换机声明

channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);

// 只有routingKey相同的才会消费

String message = "routing mode message";

channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key2", null, message.getBytes());

System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");

// channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key", null, message.getBytes());

// System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");

channel.close();

connection.close();

}

}

主题模式

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver1 {

private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_topic";

private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

// 可以接收key.1

channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.*");

channel.basicQos(1);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {

String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");

System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +

delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");

};

channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {

});

}

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import com.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Receiver2 {

http:// private final static String QUEUE_NAME = "queue_topic2";

private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";

private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "topic";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME, false, false, false, null);

// *号代表单个单词，可以接收key.1

channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "*.*");

// #号代表多个单词，可以接收key.1.2

channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME, EXCHANGE_NAME, "*.#");

channel.basicQos(1);

DeliverCallback deliverCallback = (consumerTag, delivery) -> {

String message = new String(delivery.getBody(), "UTF-8");

System.out.println(" [x] Received '" +

delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey() + "':'" + message + "'");

};

channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME, true, deliverCallback, consumerTag -> {

});

}

}

import com.rabbitmq.client.Channel;

import com.rabbitmq.client.Connection;

import com.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;

public class Sender {

private final static String EXCHANGE_NAME = "exchange_topic";

private final static String EXCHANGE_TYPE = "topic";

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, TimeoutException {

ConnectionFactory factory = new ConnectionFactory();

factory.setHost("localhost");

factory.setPort(5672);

Connection connection = factory.newConnection();

Channel channel = connection.createChannel();

channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME, EXCHANGE_TYPE);

String message = "topics model message with key.1";

channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.1", null, message.getBytes());

System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");

String message2 = "topics model message with key.1.2";

channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key.1.2", null, message2.getBytes());

System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message2 + "'");

channel.close();

connection.close();

}

}

四种交换机介绍

直连交换机（Direct exchange）：具有路由功能的交换机，绑定到此交换机的时候需要指定一个routing_key，交换机发送消息的时候需要routing_key，会将消息发送道对应的队列

扇形交换机（Fanout exchange）：广播消息到所有队列，没有任何处理，速度最快

主题交换机（Topic exchange）：在直连交换机基础上增加模式匹配，也就是对routing_key进行模式匹配，*代表一个单词，#代表多个单词

首部交换机（Headers exchange）：忽略routing_key，使用Headers信息（一个Hash的数据结构）进行匹配，优势在于可以有更多更灵活的匹配规则

总结

这么多种队列模式中都有其应用场景，大家可以根据应用场景示例中进行选择

参考

RabbitMQ官方教程

官方教程源码

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