Flutter package: 使用Dart扩展让轻松程序具备强大的国际化功能

Flutter package: 使用Dart扩展让轻松程序具备强大的国际化功能

i18n_extension

Non-boilerplate Translation and Internationalization (i18n) for Flutter

Start with a widget with some text in it:

Text("Hello, how are you?")

Translate it simply by adding .i18n to the string:

Text("Hello, how are you?".i18n)

If the current locale is 'pt_BR', then the text in the screen will be "Olá, como vai você?", the Portuguese translation to the above text. And so on for any other locales you want to support.

You can also provide different translations depending on modifiers, for example plural quantities:

print("There is 1 item".plural(0)); // Prints 'There are no items' print("There is 1 item".plural(1)); // Prints 'There is 1 item'print("There is 1 item".plural(2)); // Prints 'There are 2 items'

And you can invent your own modifiers according to any conditions. For example, some languages have different translations for different genders. So you could create gender versions for Gender modifiers:

print("There is a person".gender(Gender.male)); // Prints 'There is a man'print("There is a person".gender(Gender.female)); // Prints 'There is a woman'print("There is a person".gender(Gender.they)); // Prints 'There is a person'

Also, interpolating strings is easy, with the fill method:

// Prints 'Hello John, this is Mary' in English.// Prints 'Olá John, aqui é Mary' in Portuguese.print("Hello %s, this is %s".i18n.fill(["John", "Mary"]));

See it working

Try running the example.

Good for simple or complex apps

I'm always interested in creating packages to reduce boilerplate. For example, async_redux is about Redux without boilerplate, and align_positioned is about creating layouts using fewer widgets. This current package is also about reducing boilerplate for translations, so it doesn't do anything you can't already do with plain old Localizations.of(context).

That said, this package is meant both for the one person app developer, and the big company team. It has you covered in all stages of your translation efforts:

When you create your widgets, it makes it easy for you to define which strings should be translated, by simply adding .i18n to them. These strings are called "translatable strings". When you want to start your translation efforts, it can automatically list for you all strings that need translation. If you miss any strings, or if you later add more strings or modify some of them, it will let you know what changed and how to fix it. You can then provide your translations manually, in a very easy-to-use format. Or you can easily integrate it with professional translation services, importing it from, or exporting it to any format you want.

Setup

Wrap your widget tree with the I18n widget, below the MaterialApp, together with the localizationsDelegates and the supportedLocales:

import 'package:i18n_extension/i18n_widget.dart'; import 'package:flutter_localizations/flutter_localizations.dart';...@overrideWidget build(BuildContext context) { return MaterialApp( localizationsDelegates: [ GlobalMaterialLocalizations.delegate, GlobalWidgetsLocalizations.delegate, GlobalCupertinoLocalizations.delegate, ], supportedLocales: [ const Locale('en', "US"), const Locale('pt', "BR"), ], home: I18n(child: ...) );}

Note: To be able to import flutter_localizations.dart you must add this to your pubspec.yaml:

dependencies: flutter_localizations: sdk: flutter

The code home: I18n(child: ...) shown above will translate your strings to the current system locale. Or you can override it with your own locale, like this:

I18n( initialLocale: Locale("pt", "BR"), child: ...

Note: Don't ever put translatable strings in the same widget where you declared the I18n widget, since they may not respond to future locale changes. For example, this is a mistake:

Widget build(BuildContext context) { return I18n( child: Scaffold( appBar: AppBar(title: Text("Hello there".i18n)), body: MyScreen(), );}

You may put translatable strings in any widgets down the tree.

A quick recap of Dart locales

The correct way to create a Locale is to provide a language code (usually 2 or 3 lowercase letters) and a country code (usually 2 uppercase letters), as two separate Strings.

For example:

var locale = Locale("en", "US");print(locale); // Prints `en_US`. print(locale.languageCode); // Prints `en`.

You can, if you want, omit the country code:

var locale = Locale("en");print(locale); // Prints `en`. print(locale.languageCode); // Prints `en`.

But you cannot provide language code and country code as a single String. This is wrong:

// This will create a language called "en_US" and no country code. var locale = Locale("en_US");print(locale); // Prints `en_US`. print(locale.languageCode); // Also prints `en_US`.

To help avoiding this mistake, the i18n_extension may throw an error if your language code contains underscores.

Translating a widget

When you create a widget that has translatable strings, add this default import to the widget's file:

import 'package:i18n_extension/default.i18n.dart';

This will allow you to add .i18n and .plural() to your strings, but won't translate anything.

When you are ready to create your translations, you must create a dart file to hold them. This file can have any name, but I suggest you give it the same name as your widget and change the termination to .i18n.dart.

For example, if your widget is in file my_widget.dart, the translations could be in file my_widget.i18n.dart

You must then remove the previous default import, and instead import your own translation file:

import 'my_widget.i18n.dart';

Your translation file itself will be something like this:

import 'package:i18n_extension/i18n_extension.dart';extension Localization on String { static var _t = Translations("en_us") + { "en_us": "Hello, how are you?", "pt_br": "Olá, como vai você?", "es": "¿Hola! Cómo estás?", "fr": "Salut, comment ca va?", "de": "Hallo, wie geht es dir?", }; String get i18n => localize(this, _t); }

The above example shows a single translatable string, translated to American English, Brazilian Portuguese, and general Spanish, French and German.

You can, however, translate as many strings as you want, by simply adding more translation maps:

import 'package:i18n_extension/i18n_extension.dart';extension Localization on String { static var _t = Translations("en_us") + { "en_us": "Hello, how are you?", "pt_br": "Olá, como vai você?", } + { "en_us": "Hi", "pt_br": "Olá", } + { "en_us": "Goodbye", "pt_br": "Adeus", }; String get i18n => localize(this, _t);}

Strings themselves are the translation keys

The locale you pass in the Translations() constructor is called the default locale. For example, in Translations("en_us") the default locale is en_us. All translatable strings in the widget file should be in the language of that locale.

The strings themselves are used as keys when searching for translations to the other locales. For example, in the Text below, "Hello, how are you?" is both the translation to English, and the key to use when searching for its other translations:

Text("Hello, how are you?".i18n)

If any translation key is missing from the translation maps, the key itself will be used, so the text will still appear in the screen, untranslated.

If the translation key is found, it will choose the language according to the following rules:

It will use the translation to the exact current locale, for example en_us. If this is absent, it will use the translation to the general language of the current locale, for example en. If this is absent, it will use the translation to any other locale with the same language, for example en_uk. If this is absent, it will use the key itself as the translation.

Managing keys

Other translation packages ask you to define key identifiers for each translation, and use those. For example, the above text key could be helloHowAreYou or simply greetings. And then you could access it like this: MyLocalizations.of(context).greetings.

However, having to define identifiers is not only a boring task, but it also forces you to navigate to the translation if you need to remember the exact text of the widget.

With i18n_extension you can simply type the text you want and that's it. If some string is already translated, and you later change it in the widget file, this will break the link between the key and the translation map. However, i18n_extension is smart enough to let you know when that happens, so it's easy to fix. You can even add this check to tests, as to make sure all translations are linked and complete.

When you run your app or tests, each key not found will be recorded to the static set Translations.missingKeys. And if the key is found but there is no translation to the current locale, it will be recorded to Translations.missingTranslations.

You can manually inspect those sets to see if they're empty, or create tests to do that automatically, for example:

expect(Translations.missingKeys, isEmpty);expect(Translations.missingTranslations, isEmpty);

Note: You can disable the recording of missing keys and translations by doing:

Translations.recordMissingKeys = false;Translations.recordMissingTranslations = false;

Another thing you may do, if you want, is to set up callbacks that the i18n_extension package will call whenever it detects a missing translation. You can then program these callbacks to throw errors if any translations are missing, or log the problem, or send emails to the person responsible for the translations.

To do that, simply inject your callbacks into Translations.missingKeyCallback and Translations.missingTranslationCallback.

For example:

Translations.missingKeyCallback = (key, locale) => throw TranslationsException("Translation key in '$locale' is missing: '$key'.");Translations.missingTranslationCallback = (key, locale) => throw TranslationsException("There are no translations in '$locale' for '$key'.");

Defining translations by language instead of by key

As explained, by using the Translations() constructor you define each key and then provide all its translations at the same time. This is the easiest way when you are doing translations manually, for example, when you speak English and Spanish and are creating yourself the translations to your app.

However, in other situations, such as when you are hiring professional translation services or crowdsourcing translations, it may be easier if you can provide the translations by locale/language, instead of by key. You can do that by using the Translations.byLocale() constructor.

static var _t = Translations.byLocale("en_us") + { "en_us": { "Hi.": "Hi.", "Goodbye.": "Goodbye.", }, "es_es": { "Hi.": "Hola.", "Goodbye.": "Adiós.", } };

You can also add maps using the + operator:

static var _t = Translations.byLocale("en_us") + { "en_us": { "Hi.": "Hi.", "Goodbye.": "Goodbye.", }, } + { "es_es": { "Hi.": "Hola.", "Goodbye.": "Adiós.", } };

Note above, since "en_us" is the default locale you don't need to provide translations for those.

Combining translations

To combine translations you can use the * operator. For example:

var t1 = Translations("en_us") + { "en_us": "Hi.", "pt_br": "Olá.", };var t2 = Translations("en_us") + { "en_us": "Goodbye.", "pt_br": "Adeus.", };var translations = t1 * t2;print(localize("Hi.", translations, locale: "pt_br");print(localize("Goodbye.", translations, locale: "pt_br");

Translation modifiers

Sometimes you have different translations that depend on a number quantity. Instead of .i18n you can use .plural() and pass it a number. For example:

int numOfItems = 3;return Text("You clicked the button %d times".plural(numOfItems));

This will be translated, and if the translated string contains %d it will be replaced by the number.

Then, your translations file should contain something like this:

static var _t = Translations("en_us") + { "en_us": "You clicked the button %d times" .zero("You haven't clicked the button") .one("You clicked it once") .two("You clicked a couple times") .many("You clicked %d times") .times(12, "You clicked a dozen times"), "pt_br": "Você clicou o botão %d vezes" .zero("Você não clicou no botão") .one("Você clicou uma única vez") .two("Você clicou um par de vezes") .many("Você clicou %d vezes") .times(12, "Você clicou uma dúzia de vezes"), }; String plural(int value) => localizePlural(value, this, _t);

The plural modifiers you can use are zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, ten, times (for any number of elements, except 0, 1 and 2), and many (for any number of elements, except 1).

Also, according to a Czech speaker, there must be a special modifier for 2, 3 and 4. To that end you can use the twoThreeFour modifier.

Custom modifiers

You can actually create any modifiers you want. For example, some languages have different translations for different genders. So you could create .gender() that accepts Gender modifiers:

enum Gender {they, female, male}int gnd = Gender.female;return Text("There is a person".gender(gnd));

Then, your translations file should use .modifier() and localizeVersion() like this:

static var _t = Translations("en_us") + { "en_us": "There is a person" .modifier(Gender.male, "There is a man") .modifier(Gender.female, "There is a woman") .modifier(Gender.they, "There is a person"), "pt_br": "Há uma pessoa" .modifier(Gender.male, "Há um homem") .modifier(Gender.female, "Há uma mulher") .modifier(Gender.they, "Há uma pessoa"), };String gender(Gender gnd) => localizeVersion(gnd, this, _t);

Interpolation

Your translations file may declare a fill method to do interpolations:

static var _t = Translations("en_us") + { "en_us": "Hello %s, this is %s", "pt_br": "Olá %s, aqui é %s", }; String get i18n => localize(this, _t); String fill(List